NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Coda Octopus Group, Inc. (“Coda,” “the Company,” or “we”) operates three operating business units. These are the Marine Technology Business (“Products Business,” or “Products Segment”), Acoustics Sensors and Materials Business (“PAL”), and the Defense Engineering Services Business (“Services Business,” “Engineering Business” or “Services Segment”).

The Marine Technology Business is an established supplier of underwater technologies and solutions, to the underwater/subsea market. Its products and solutions comprise both hardware and software for which it is the innovator, developer, manufacturer and distributor. It has key proprietary 3D/4D/5D/6D imaging sonar technology marketed under the name of Echoscope^®, Echoscope PIPE^® and Echoscope PIPE NANO Gen Series^® and diving technology marketed under the name of DAVD. The Echoscope^® sonar series is the only sonar that can generate multiple real time 3D images of moving objects underwater in zero visibility conditions. This business also launched the DAVD system in 2021 which emanated from the requirements of the Office of Naval Research as part of its Future Naval Requirements Program. The DAVD embeds a pair of transparent glasses inside of the diver Head up Display (HUD) which is used as the data hub for displaying real time data to the diver. It allows both the diver underwater and the dive supervisor on the surface to see the same data or underwater scene. In addition, by combining the DAVD with the Echoscope^®, dive operations can be performed in zero visibility conditions. These conditions are a common barrier which impinges on the ability to perform these activities and therefore the DAVD combined with the Echoscope^® is a critical requirement for these operations.

The Company acquired PAL on October 29, 2024. PAL is a supplier of acoustic sensors and materials. PAL serves a broad base of markets such as the medical, subsea, defense, universities and research and development institutes. PAL is a recognized leader in the ultrasound and acoustic measurement field. Specializing in acoustic hydrophone design and innovative acoustic materials, they provide a comprehensive range of products and solutions, with a primary focus on medical imaging and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT). NDT is used to validate the viability of structures such as aircraft, ship hulls, wellheads and other subsea structures. Their expertise extends to working closely with national and global standard-setting bodies (such as the National Physical Laboratory of the UK), contributing to the establishment of the primary measurement standards in the industry. This business was acquired to gain access to their expertise and leverage this across the group including in the area of advancing the Echoscope® technology. We believe the addition of their expertise and capabilities positions the Group to qualify to compete for larger Defense contracts.

The Defense Engineering Services Business is an established sub-contractor (with operations in the U.S. and U.K) to prime defense contractors and generally designs, engineers, manufactures and supplies proprietary sub-assemblies for incorporation into broader mission critical defense systems. These sub-assemblies are typically supplied for the life of the program. The Defense Engineering Services Business’ scope of services for these defense programs typically extends to concept, design, prototype, manufacture, and post-sale support. The manufacturing contracts for these sub-assemblies can run over many years and during this time they enjoy sole supplier status for these sub-assemblies which they supply into these programs.

CODA OCTOPUS GROUP, INC.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

October 31, 2025 and 2024